HelloI am preparing for my CCNP (BCMSN for now), and Iwant to share my materials with you.I will continue to update this topic with every time i will find interesting materials that will help me .......I personally prefer TraninSignal materials but Nuggets are also very helpful.Also Cisco Mentor it may be a good resource.
BCMSN
Trainsignal
http://rapidshare.com/files/83223748/trainsBCMSN.part3.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/83221283/trainsBCMSN.part2.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/83218384/trainsBCMSN.part1.rar
CBTNuggets
http://rapidshare.com/files/83213844/nuggetsBCMSN.part1.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/83215417/nuggetsBCMSN.part2.rar
Student Guide
http://rapidshare.com/files/82408808/Stude...e-BCMSN-3.0.zip
Pass4Sure v2.83
http://rapidshare.com/files/82404066/812-2.83.ZIP
BSCITrainsignal
http://rapidshare.com/files/83246036/trainsBSCI.part1.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/83249456/trainsBSCI.part2.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/83252671/trainsBSCI.part3.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/83255195/trainsBSCI.part4.rar
CBTNuggets
http://rapidshare.com/files/83238250/nuggetsBSCI.part1.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/83241442/nuggetsBSCI.part2.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/83242540/nuggetsBSCI.part3.rar
Student Guide
http://rapidshare.com/files/82408883/Stude...de-BSCI-3.0.zip
Pass4Sure v2.83
http://rapidshare.com/files/82404095/901-2.83.ZIP
ONTTrainsignal
http://rapidshare.com/files/83232804/trainsONT.part1.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/83234952/trainsONT.part2.rar
CBTNuggets
http://rapidshare.com/files/83227195/nuggetsONT.part1.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/83229671/nuggetsONT.part2.rar
Student Guide
http://rapidshare.com/files/82409049/Stude...ide-ONT-1.0.zip
Pass4Sure v2.83
http://rapidshare.com/files/82404146/845-2.83.ZIP
ISCWTrainsignal.. not released yet
CBTNuggets
http://rapidshare.com/files/83258476/nuggetsISCW.part1.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/83259873/nuggetsISCW.part2.rar
Student Guide
http://rapidshare.com/files/82408966/Stude...de-ISCW-1.0.zip
Pass4Sure v2.93
http://rapidshare.com/files/82404133/825-2.93.ZIP
CCNP Video Mentor fromCisco
http://rapidshare.com/files/83284222/CCNPvideoMentor.part08.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/83281474/CCNPvideoMentor.part07.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/83278350/CCNPvideoMentor.part06.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/83275109/CCNPvideoMentor.part05.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/83271985/CCNPvideoMentor.part04.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/83268931/CCNPvideoMentor.part03.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/83265903/CCNPvideoMentor.part02.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/83262873/CCNPvideoMentor.part01.rar
Bosom netsim 7
http://rapidshare.com/files/82433291/Netsim_7.0_CCNP.7z
Monday, June 23, 2008
Friday, June 20, 2008
IT Success
I know that nearly Everyone wanted to get success in their life. To get certified and hopefully either get a job or be promoted. In anyway, unless you are not ever going to be tested in the real world, it makes no sense to just cram these dumps and pass your exams.
My advice: Get some experience of actually using/doing things with your field of technology. If you are studying MS exams, get training videos from Train Signal or CBT and create virtual labs. It is so much better for your career if you know how the product actually works. After all, you just pretty much are trying to figure out how a product runs. It isn't rocket science! It does not matter then, whether you use dumps and pass the proceeding exams. It's because you actually studied hands on!
IT world has a lot of perks. You can go from a low paying helpdesk role to a senior infrastructure consultant getting a 6 figure salary. However, I have noticed that communication is the key. It does not matter how many certs you have, or how good you are at break-fix work, it’s whether you can communicate with your fellow engineers and clients. I believe if you all start your careers aiming to become a manager or leader of some sort, you will sort this essential component out. You will make sure you can communicate well. You will act more professional and get recognised for it.
So here you have it. If you are an engineer or a wannabe engineer and want to better your career, do the following:
1) Study hands on - Create virtual labs, do the certs. Looks a lot better when someone who has MCSE or CCA against their name can actually back that up!
2) Learn to communicate better - Go into your daily routine at work aiming to be one day a manager or leader. You will naturally learn to communicate more professionally, behave more professionally and act more professional. You will eventually get noticed.
3) Be Ambitious! Set aims. I believe if you doing the same role for over 2/3 years then you really need to move on. If you career is not taking you anywhere, even after moving jobs or taking certs then change your career! It's never too late. Don't be afraid of moving out of your comfort zone.
Finally, living a life means keeping life interesting. Wealth is very important and should be a major focus of one's life. IT career is all good, but you can easily earn money on the side whether that is through investment in shares, real estate or business. It is so important that you have something else going on in your life besides your day job! No matter your age, go and invest in something that will reward you financially down the track. Wasting your money on cars and entertainment is not the right way.
After all, IT career usually means being someone else's bitch. You would rather live your life in a worry free world if you make the right decisions now!
My advice: Get some experience of actually using/doing things with your field of technology. If you are studying MS exams, get training videos from Train Signal or CBT and create virtual labs. It is so much better for your career if you know how the product actually works. After all, you just pretty much are trying to figure out how a product runs. It isn't rocket science! It does not matter then, whether you use dumps and pass the proceeding exams. It's because you actually studied hands on!
IT world has a lot of perks. You can go from a low paying helpdesk role to a senior infrastructure consultant getting a 6 figure salary. However, I have noticed that communication is the key. It does not matter how many certs you have, or how good you are at break-fix work, it’s whether you can communicate with your fellow engineers and clients. I believe if you all start your careers aiming to become a manager or leader of some sort, you will sort this essential component out. You will make sure you can communicate well. You will act more professional and get recognised for it.
So here you have it. If you are an engineer or a wannabe engineer and want to better your career, do the following:
1) Study hands on - Create virtual labs, do the certs. Looks a lot better when someone who has MCSE or CCA against their name can actually back that up!
2) Learn to communicate better - Go into your daily routine at work aiming to be one day a manager or leader. You will naturally learn to communicate more professionally, behave more professionally and act more professional. You will eventually get noticed.
3) Be Ambitious! Set aims. I believe if you doing the same role for over 2/3 years then you really need to move on. If you career is not taking you anywhere, even after moving jobs or taking certs then change your career! It's never too late. Don't be afraid of moving out of your comfort zone.
Finally, living a life means keeping life interesting. Wealth is very important and should be a major focus of one's life. IT career is all good, but you can easily earn money on the side whether that is through investment in shares, real estate or business. It is so important that you have something else going on in your life besides your day job! No matter your age, go and invest in something that will reward you financially down the track. Wasting your money on cars and entertainment is not the right way.
After all, IT career usually means being someone else's bitch. You would rather live your life in a worry free world if you make the right decisions now!
Monday, June 9, 2008
Server Support interview question.!
1) How to enable telnet in Windows ?
2) What are the different types of Terminal Services ?
3) What is the diff between Application mode and Administration mode ?
4) What is Licensing in Terminal Services?
5) What is FSMO roles and explain ?
6) I have a Global Catalog server in Server1, and want to make the same server as a Infrasture Master. Can i go ahead with that ? Explain.
7) How to publish a web site in IIS?
8) How to deploy a patches to the systems ?
9) What are the tools available for Patch Deployments ?
10) Difference between Differential and Incremental Backup ?
11) What is DHCP Option, Server Options?
12) How to take backup in Group Policy?
13) Which component is used for replication between the sites?
14) How to take the backup DHCP data while DHCP SERVER is running?
15) What is new features in Windows 2003 DNS?
16) What are new ADS features in 2003 ?
17) You are having high configuration server SERVER1 and additional domain controller with less configuration serv2, serv3. When the 1000 users login into their computer, all login traffic goes to serv2 and serv3. so the server serv2 and serv3 get hung. How do you redirect the logon traffic to SERVER1?
18) What is the procedure to restore the data in ADS?
19) What is the use of ntdsutil command ?
20) Which command helps to find the server for FSMO roles ?
21) What are the protocol supports for Replication ?
22) What is the expantion of .Dit ? Scalable size of NTDS in 2k3?
23) What are the partitions available in AD?
24) What are the two types of replications?
25) What is KCC ? What is the function of the KCC?
26) What are the two trust protocols 2k3 using ?
27) What are the trust relations available in 2k3?
28)What are the protocols used on replication?
29) What is the default time delay on replication?
30) What Different tables available in NTDS database?
31) Where is the FRS logs stored in and what is the database engine name?
32) What is tombstone object in AD? What is it’s life time?
33) What are the functions of GC?
34) What is Global catalog and GC server?
35) What are the domain functional levels in 2k3?
36) What is the hierarchy of applying Gpo in 2k3?
1 what is the difrences btwen 2k , 2k3 and xp?
2. WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF DHCP?
3. HOW DHCP CONFIGURE?
4. What is the new major feature introduced in Exchange 2003, which was not included in Exchange 2000?
5. How can you recover a deleted mail box ?
6. what is the use of ESUtil.exe ?
7. What are the port Numbers for pop3, imap, smtp port, smtp over ssl, pop3 over ssl, imap over ssl ?
8. Difference between Exchance 2003 and 2007?
9. what is RPC over Http ?
10. What is required for using RPC over Https with MS Outlook ?
11. If you have deleted the user, after you recreated the same user. How you will give the access of previous mail box ?
12. What are the prequisite for installation of Exchange Server ?
13. What is the use of NNTP with exchange ?
14. If NNTP service get stoped, what features of exchange will be effected ?
15. Which protocol is used for Public Folder ?
16. How will take backup of Active Directory ?
17. What are the content of System State backup ?
18. 1.boot process in windows nt/xp/2000/2003
19. 2.how do you configure memory dump if c:,d:,e: & paging file is configured so and so way?
20. 3.backups ? which is better, why and which to use when?
21. 4.disaster recovery plan?
22. 5.DHCP lease process
23. 6.DNS zones, chronicle records what are they?
24. 7.DHCP relay agent where to place it?
25. 8.what is active directory compared to SAM?
26. 9.what is GC? how many required for A Tree?
27. 10.what is forest?
28. 11.Group policies?
29. 12.FSMO Roles?
30. When you use ping command, how do you recognise DNS/WINS is working ?
31. What is the difference between DNS/WINS ?
32. Do you require WINS in Windows 2000 ? Explain how ?
33. What is Active Directory ?
34 You have parentdomain xyzhq.com and the childdomains INxyz and UKxyz. When you apply a group policy in parent domain zHQ as a domain level, does it applies to its child domain INxyz and UKxyz ?
35. You take a backup on Monday as FULL and Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday as Differential Backup. If your Server Crashes on Friday. Then what are the media tape required to restore the date ? Explain how ?
36. What is Global Catalog Server ?
37. Can GC Server and Infrastructure place in single server ? ifnot explain why ?
38. What is the size of log file which created before updating into ntds.dit and the total number of files ?
39. What does SYSVOL contains ?
40. Which is service in your windows is responsible for replication of Domain controller to another domain controller.
41. How data will travel between sites in ADS replication?
42. What is the port number for SMTP, Kerberos, LDAP, GC Server. ?
43. What Intrasite and Intersite Replication ?
44. What is lost & found folder in ADS ?
45. What is Garbage collection ?
46. What System State data contains ?
47. How do you restore a particular OU which deleted by accidently ?
48. What is IPSec Policy ?
49. What are different types of Group Policy ?
50. What is the order of applying Group Policy ?
51. What are the new features in Windows 2003 related to ADS, Repllication, Trust ?
52. How to edit the Schma in ADS ?
53. What is Domain Local, Global Group, Universal group ?
54. Diff between Global & Universal group ?
55. What are the different types of Terminal Services ?
56. What does mean by root DNS servers?
57. What are the different records in DNS ?
58. What is SOA records ?
59. How does the downlevel clients register it names with DNS server ?
60. What is RsOP ?
61. What is default lease period for DHCP Server?
62. What is the process of DHCP clients for getting the ip address?
63. What is multicaste ?
64. What is superscope ?
65. What is the System Startup process ?
66. What is WINS hybrid & mixed mode?
67. What is Disk Quota ?
68 .What is Active Directory?
69. What is LDAP?
70. Can you connect Active Directory to other 3rd-party Directory Services? Name a few options.
71. Where is the AD database held? What other folders are related to AD?
72. What is the SYSVOL folder?
73. Name the AD NCs and replication issues for each NC
74. What are application partitions? When do I use them
75. How do you create a new application partition
76. How do you view replication properties for AD partitions and DCs?
77. What is the Global Catalog?
78. How do you view all the GCs in the forest?
79. Why not make all DCs in a large forest as GCs?
80. Trying to look at the Schema, how can I do that?
81. What are the Support Tools? Why do I need them?
82. What is LDP? What is REPLMON? What is ADSIEDIT? What is NETDOM? What is REPADMIN?
What are sites? What are they used for?
83. What's the difference between a site link's schedule and interval?
84. What is the KCC?
85. What is the ISTG? Who has that role by default?
86. What are the requirements for installing AD on a new server?
87. What can you do to promote a server to DC if you're in a remote location with slow WAN link?
How can you forcibly remove AD from a server, and what do you do later? • Can I get user passwords from the AD database?
88. What tool would I use to try to grab security related packets from the wire?
Name some OU design considerations.
89. What is tombstone lifetime attribute?
90. What do you do to install a new Windows 2003 DC in a Windows 2000 AD?
91. What do you do to install a new Windows 2003 R2 DC in a Windows 2003 AD?
92. How would you find all users that have not logged on since last month?
What are the DS* commands?
93. What's the difference between LDIFDE and CSVDE? Usage considerations?
94. What are the FSMO roles? Who has them by default? What happens when each one fails?
95. What FSMO placement considerations do you know of?
96. I want to look at the RID allocation table for a DC. What do I do?
97. What's the difference between transferring a FSMO role and seizing one? Which one should you NOT seize? Why?
98. How do you configure a "stand-by operation master" for any of the roles?
99. How do you backup AD?
100. How do you restore AD?
101. How do you change the DS Restore admin password?
102. Why can't you restore a DC that was backed up 4 months ago?
103. What are GPOs?
104. What is the order in which GPOs are applied?
105 Name a few benefits of using GPMC.
106. What are the GPC and the GPT? Where can I find them?
107. What are GPO links? What special things can I do to them?
108. What can I do to prevent inheritance from above?
109. How can you determine what GPO was and was not applied for a user? Name a few ways to do that.
110. A user claims he did not receive a GPO, yet his user and computer accounts are in the right OU, and everyone else there gets the GPO. What will you look for?
111. Name some GPO settings in the computer and user parts.
112. What are administrative templates?
113. What's the difference between software publishing and assigning?
114. Can I deploy non-MSI software with GPO?
115.You want to standardize the desktop environments (wallpaper, My Documents, Start menu, printers etc.) on the computers in one department. How would you do that?
2) What are the different types of Terminal Services ?
3) What is the diff between Application mode and Administration mode ?
4) What is Licensing in Terminal Services?
5) What is FSMO roles and explain ?
6) I have a Global Catalog server in Server1, and want to make the same server as a Infrasture Master. Can i go ahead with that ? Explain.
7) How to publish a web site in IIS?
8) How to deploy a patches to the systems ?
9) What are the tools available for Patch Deployments ?
10) Difference between Differential and Incremental Backup ?
11) What is DHCP Option, Server Options?
12) How to take backup in Group Policy?
13) Which component is used for replication between the sites?
14) How to take the backup DHCP data while DHCP SERVER is running?
15) What is new features in Windows 2003 DNS?
16) What are new ADS features in 2003 ?
17) You are having high configuration server SERVER1 and additional domain controller with less configuration serv2, serv3. When the 1000 users login into their computer, all login traffic goes to serv2 and serv3. so the server serv2 and serv3 get hung. How do you redirect the logon traffic to SERVER1?
18) What is the procedure to restore the data in ADS?
19) What is the use of ntdsutil command ?
20) Which command helps to find the server for FSMO roles ?
21) What are the protocol supports for Replication ?
22) What is the expantion of .Dit ? Scalable size of NTDS in 2k3?
23) What are the partitions available in AD?
24) What are the two types of replications?
25) What is KCC ? What is the function of the KCC?
26) What are the two trust protocols 2k3 using ?
27) What are the trust relations available in 2k3?
28)What are the protocols used on replication?
29) What is the default time delay on replication?
30) What Different tables available in NTDS database?
31) Where is the FRS logs stored in and what is the database engine name?
32) What is tombstone object in AD? What is it’s life time?
33) What are the functions of GC?
34) What is Global catalog and GC server?
35) What are the domain functional levels in 2k3?
36) What is the hierarchy of applying Gpo in 2k3?
1 what is the difrences btwen 2k , 2k3 and xp?
2. WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF DHCP?
3. HOW DHCP CONFIGURE?
4. What is the new major feature introduced in Exchange 2003, which was not included in Exchange 2000?
5. How can you recover a deleted mail box ?
6. what is the use of ESUtil.exe ?
7. What are the port Numbers for pop3, imap, smtp port, smtp over ssl, pop3 over ssl, imap over ssl ?
8. Difference between Exchance 2003 and 2007?
9. what is RPC over Http ?
10. What is required for using RPC over Https with MS Outlook ?
11. If you have deleted the user, after you recreated the same user. How you will give the access of previous mail box ?
12. What are the prequisite for installation of Exchange Server ?
13. What is the use of NNTP with exchange ?
14. If NNTP service get stoped, what features of exchange will be effected ?
15. Which protocol is used for Public Folder ?
16. How will take backup of Active Directory ?
17. What are the content of System State backup ?
18. 1.boot process in windows nt/xp/2000/2003
19. 2.how do you configure memory dump if c:,d:,e: & paging file is configured so and so way?
20. 3.backups ? which is better, why and which to use when?
21. 4.disaster recovery plan?
22. 5.DHCP lease process
23. 6.DNS zones, chronicle records what are they?
24. 7.DHCP relay agent where to place it?
25. 8.what is active directory compared to SAM?
26. 9.what is GC? how many required for A Tree?
27. 10.what is forest?
28. 11.Group policies?
29. 12.FSMO Roles?
30. When you use ping command, how do you recognise DNS/WINS is working ?
31. What is the difference between DNS/WINS ?
32. Do you require WINS in Windows 2000 ? Explain how ?
33. What is Active Directory ?
34 You have parentdomain xyzhq.com and the childdomains INxyz and UKxyz. When you apply a group policy in parent domain zHQ as a domain level, does it applies to its child domain INxyz and UKxyz ?
35. You take a backup on Monday as FULL and Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday as Differential Backup. If your Server Crashes on Friday. Then what are the media tape required to restore the date ? Explain how ?
36. What is Global Catalog Server ?
37. Can GC Server and Infrastructure place in single server ? ifnot explain why ?
38. What is the size of log file which created before updating into ntds.dit and the total number of files ?
39. What does SYSVOL contains ?
40. Which is service in your windows is responsible for replication of Domain controller to another domain controller.
41. How data will travel between sites in ADS replication?
42. What is the port number for SMTP, Kerberos, LDAP, GC Server. ?
43. What Intrasite and Intersite Replication ?
44. What is lost & found folder in ADS ?
45. What is Garbage collection ?
46. What System State data contains ?
47. How do you restore a particular OU which deleted by accidently ?
48. What is IPSec Policy ?
49. What are different types of Group Policy ?
50. What is the order of applying Group Policy ?
51. What are the new features in Windows 2003 related to ADS, Repllication, Trust ?
52. How to edit the Schma in ADS ?
53. What is Domain Local, Global Group, Universal group ?
54. Diff between Global & Universal group ?
55. What are the different types of Terminal Services ?
56. What does mean by root DNS servers?
57. What are the different records in DNS ?
58. What is SOA records ?
59. How does the downlevel clients register it names with DNS server ?
60. What is RsOP ?
61. What is default lease period for DHCP Server?
62. What is the process of DHCP clients for getting the ip address?
63. What is multicaste ?
64. What is superscope ?
65. What is the System Startup process ?
66. What is WINS hybrid & mixed mode?
67. What is Disk Quota ?
68 .What is Active Directory?
69. What is LDAP?
70. Can you connect Active Directory to other 3rd-party Directory Services? Name a few options.
71. Where is the AD database held? What other folders are related to AD?
72. What is the SYSVOL folder?
73. Name the AD NCs and replication issues for each NC
74. What are application partitions? When do I use them
75. How do you create a new application partition
76. How do you view replication properties for AD partitions and DCs?
77. What is the Global Catalog?
78. How do you view all the GCs in the forest?
79. Why not make all DCs in a large forest as GCs?
80. Trying to look at the Schema, how can I do that?
81. What are the Support Tools? Why do I need them?
82. What is LDP? What is REPLMON? What is ADSIEDIT? What is NETDOM? What is REPADMIN?
What are sites? What are they used for?
83. What's the difference between a site link's schedule and interval?
84. What is the KCC?
85. What is the ISTG? Who has that role by default?
86. What are the requirements for installing AD on a new server?
87. What can you do to promote a server to DC if you're in a remote location with slow WAN link?
How can you forcibly remove AD from a server, and what do you do later? • Can I get user passwords from the AD database?
88. What tool would I use to try to grab security related packets from the wire?
Name some OU design considerations.
89. What is tombstone lifetime attribute?
90. What do you do to install a new Windows 2003 DC in a Windows 2000 AD?
91. What do you do to install a new Windows 2003 R2 DC in a Windows 2003 AD?
92. How would you find all users that have not logged on since last month?
What are the DS* commands?
93. What's the difference between LDIFDE and CSVDE? Usage considerations?
94. What are the FSMO roles? Who has them by default? What happens when each one fails?
95. What FSMO placement considerations do you know of?
96. I want to look at the RID allocation table for a DC. What do I do?
97. What's the difference between transferring a FSMO role and seizing one? Which one should you NOT seize? Why?
98. How do you configure a "stand-by operation master" for any of the roles?
99. How do you backup AD?
100. How do you restore AD?
101. How do you change the DS Restore admin password?
102. Why can't you restore a DC that was backed up 4 months ago?
103. What are GPOs?
104. What is the order in which GPOs are applied?
105 Name a few benefits of using GPMC.
106. What are the GPC and the GPT? Where can I find them?
107. What are GPO links? What special things can I do to them?
108. What can I do to prevent inheritance from above?
109. How can you determine what GPO was and was not applied for a user? Name a few ways to do that.
110. A user claims he did not receive a GPO, yet his user and computer accounts are in the right OU, and everyone else there gets the GPO. What will you look for?
111. Name some GPO settings in the computer and user parts.
112. What are administrative templates?
113. What's the difference between software publishing and assigning?
114. Can I deploy non-MSI software with GPO?
115.You want to standardize the desktop environments (wallpaper, My Documents, Start menu, printers etc.) on the computers in one department. How would you do that?
MCSE FAQ
FSMO ROLES
1) While Active Directory is a distributed system, some servers only carry out specific roles. If something happens to this server or you need a more substantial server to handle a particular role, you must know which servers are handling each role.
There are five FSMO roles:
• PDC emulator (one per domain): This role allows Windows Server 2003 to act as a Windows NT primary domain controller (PDC), and it provides replication support for Windows NT-based backup domain controllers (BDCs). In addition, this role assists with time and group policy synchronization.
• Infrastructure master (one per domain): This role is responsible for updating the group-to-user references whenever the members of groups change or receive new names.
• Relative ID (RID) master (one per domain): This role ensures that every object created has a unique identification number.
• Schema master (one per forest): This role is responsible for maintaining and modifying the Active Directory schema.
• Domain naming master (one per forest): This role is responsible for the addition and deletion of domains in a forest.
How can you determine which servers hold these roles in an Active Directory forest? To find the PDC emulator, the infrastructure master, and the RID master, follows these steps:
1. Go to Start | Administrative Tools | Active Directory Users and Computers.
2. Right-click the domain and select Operations Master.
The resulting three tabs will show you which server holds each respective role.
To find the schema master, follow these steps:
1. Go to Start | Run.
2. Enter regsvr32 schmmgmt.dll in the Open text box, and click OK.
3. Go to Start | Run.
4. Enter mmc in the Open text box, and click OK.
5. Go to File | Add/Remove Snap-In, and click Add.
6. Click Active Directory Schema, click Add, click Close, and click OK.
7. Right-click Active Directory Schema and select Operations Master from the shortcut menu.
To find the domain naming master, follow these steps:
1. Go to Start | Administrative Tools | Active Directory Domains and Trusts.
2. Right-click Active Directory Domains and Trusts, and select Operations Master from the list.
Transferring the RID Master, PDC Emulator, and Infrastructure Masters via GUI
To Transfer the Domain-Specific RID Master, PDC Emulator, and Infrastructure Master FSMO Roles:
1. Open the Active Directory Users and Computers snap-in from the Administrative Tools folder.
2. If you are NOT logged onto the target domain controller, in the snap-in, right-click the icon next to Active Directory Users and Computers and press Connect to Domain Controller.
3. Select the domain controller that will be the new role holder, the target, and press OK.
4. Right-click the Active Directory Users and Computers icon again and press Operation Masters.
5. Select the appropriate tab for the role you wish to transfer and press the Change button.
6. Press OK to confirm the change.
7. Press OK all the way out.
DHCP LEASE PROCESS
1. Discover: The host will initially send a broadcast in an attempt to discover a DHCP server on the network.
2. Offer: The DHCP server will 'see' the workstation looking for the DHCP service and respond with an 'offer', which is an IP address.
3. Request: The client will receive the 'offer' and, in most cases, will accept it. This means it sends an 'official request' for the same IP address offered previously by the server.
4. Accept: The DHCP server will complete the transaction by sending an 'accept' message and marking the particular IP address for the specific host.
DHCP SERVER- Dynamic host configuration protocol is used to automatically assign TCP/IP addresses to clients along with the correct subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server.
169.254.0.0 -169.254.255.255-APIPA Address
BOOTP- short for Bootstrap Protocol is a UDP network protocol used by a network client to obtain its IP address automatically. This is usually done during the bootstrap process when a computer is starting up. The BOOTP servers assign the IP address from a pool of addresses to each client.
BOOTP/DHCP differences
There are significant differences in the way in which BOOTP and DHCP perform host configuration. The following table compares and contrasts the features of the two protocols that vary.
BOOTP DHCP
Designed prior to DHCP. Designed after BOOTP.
Intended to configure diskless workstations with limited boot capabilities. Intended to configure frequently relocated networked computers (such as portables) that have local hard drives and full boot capabilities.
Dynamic BOOTP has default 30-day expiration on IP address leases. DHCP has default eight-day expiration on IP address leases.
Supports a limited number of client configuration parameters called vendor extensions. Supports a larger and extensible set of client configuration parameters called options.
Describes a two-phase bootstrap configuration process, as follows:
• Clients contact BOOTP servers to perform address determination and boot file name selection.
• Clients contact Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) servers to perform file transfer of their boot image.
Describes a single-phase boot configuration process whereby a DHCP client negotiates with a DHCP server to determine its IP address and obtain any other initial configuration details it needs for network operation.
BOOTP clients do not rebind or renew configuration with the BOOTP server except when the system restarts. DHCP clients do not require a system restart to rebind or renew configuration with the DHCP server. Instead, clients automatically enter a rebinding state at set timed intervals to renew their leased address allocation with the DHCP server. This process occurs in the background and is transparent to the user.
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol for mapping an Internet Protocol address (IP address) to a physical machine address.
RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol for mapping a physical machine address to Internet Protocol address (IP address).
DHCP Relay Agent
The DHCP Relay Agent component is a Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) relay agent that relays Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) messages between DHCP clients and DHCP servers on different IP networks. The DHCP Relay Agent is compliant with RFC 1542. You cannot use the DHCP Relay Agent component on a computer running the DHCP service. BOOTP is a host configuration protocol developed before DHCP that was designed to configure diskless workstations with limited boot capabilities
RAID types
RAID-0: RAID-0 is called disk "striping". All the data is spread out in chunks across all the disks in the RAID set. RAID-0 has great performance, because you spread out the load of storing data onto more physical drives. There is no parity generated for RAID-0. Therefore there is no overhead to write data to RAID-0 disks. RAID-0 is only good for better performance, and not for high availability, since parity is not generated for RAID-0 disks. RAID-0 requires at least two physical disks.
RAID-1: RAID-1 is called disk mirroring. All the data is written to at least two separate physical disks. The disks are essentially mirror images of each other. If one of the disks fails, the other can be used to retrieve data. Disk mirroring is good for very fast read operations. It's slower when writing to the disks, since the data needs to be written twice. RAID-1 requires at least two physical disks.
RAID-5: RAID-5 uses disk striping with parity. The data is striped across all the disks in the RAID set, along with the parity information needed to reconstruct the data in case of disk failure. RAID-5 is the most common method used, since it achieves a good balance between performance and availability. RAID-5 requires at least three physical disks.
How do I Backup Active Directory?
Backing up Active Directory is essential to maintain an Active Directory database. You can back up Active Directory by using the Graphical User Interface (GUI) and command-line tools that the Windows Server 2003 family provides.
You frequently backup the system state data on domain controllers so that you can restore the most current data. By establishing a regular backup schedule, you have a better chance of recovering data when necessary.
To ensure a good backup includes at least the system state data and contents of the system disk, you must be aware of the tombstone lifetime. By default, the tombstone is 60 days. Any backup older than 60 days is not a good backup. Plan to backup at least two domain controllers in each domain, one of at least one backup to enable an authoritative restore of the data when necessary.
System State Data
Several features in the windows server 2003 family make it easy to backup Active Directory. You can backup Active Directory while the server is online and other network function can continue to function.
System state data on a domain controller includes the following components:
• Active Directory system state data does not contain Active Directory unless the server, on which you are backing up the system state data, is a domain controller. Active Directory is present only on domain controllers.
• The SYSVOL shared folder: This shared folder contains Group policy templates and logon scripts. The SYSVOL shared folder is present only on domain controllers.
• The Registry: This database repository contains information about the computer's configuration.
• System startup files: Windows Server 2003 requires these files during its initial startup phase. They include the boot and system files that are under windows file protection and used by windows to load, configure, and run the operating system.
• The COM+ Class Registration database: The Class registration is a database of information
about Component Services applications.
• The Certificate Services database: This database contains certificates that a server running Windows server 2003 uses to authenticate users. The Certificate Services database is present only if the server is operating as a certificate server.
System state data contains most elements of a system's configuration, but it may not include all of the information that you require recovering data from a system failure. Therefore, be sure to backup all boot and system volumes, including the System State, when you back up your server.
BOOT PROCESS-XP, 2000, 2003
First is the POST, this stands for Power on Self Test, for the computer. This process tests memory as well as a number of other subsystems. You can usually monitor this as it runs each test. After that is complete the system will run POST for any device that has BIOS (Basic Input-Output System). An AGP has its own BIOS, as do some network cards and various other devices.
Once the POST is complete and the BIOS is sure that everything is working properly, the BIOS will then attempt to read the MBR (Master Boot Record). This is the first sector of the first hard drive (called the Master or HD0). When the MBR takes over it means that Windows is now in control.
The MBR looks at the BOOT SECTOR (the first sector of the active partition). That is where NTLDR is located; NTLDR is the BOOT LOADER for Windows XP. NTLDR will allow memory addressing, initiate the file system, read the boot.ini and load the boot menu. NTLDR has to be in the root of the active partition as do NTDETECT.COM, BOOT.INI, BOOTSECT.DOS (for multi-OS booting) and NTBOOTDD.SYS (if you have SCSI adapters)
Once XP is selected from the Boot Menu, NTLDR will run NTDETECT.COM, BOOT.INI and BOOTSECT.DOS to get the proper OS selected and loaded. The system starts in 16-bit real mode and then moves into 32-bit protected mode.
NTLDR will then load NTOSKRNL.EXE and HAL.DLL. Effectively, these two files are windows XP. They must be located in %SystemRoot%System32.
NTLDR reads the registry, chooses a hardware profile and authorizes device drivers, in that exact order.
At this point NTOSKRNL.EXE takes over. It starts WINLOGON.EXE that in turn starts LSASS.EXE; this is the program that displays the Logon screen so that you can logon.
Sample Boot.ini File
This is a sample of a default Boot.ini file from a Windows XP Professional computer.
[boot loader]
timeout=30
default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS
[operating systems]
multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Microsoft Windows XP Professional" /fast detect
TYPES OF WINDOWS 2003
Standard Edition-4 processors with up to 4 GB RAM
Enterprise Edition-eight processors with up to 32 GB memory.
Datacenter Edition-32 processors with up to 64 GB RAM.
Web Edition-supports a maximum of 2 processors with support for a maximum of 2GB of RAM
The Five IP Address Classes
Class A networks have a beginning octet of 1 - 126.
Class B networks have a beginning octet of 128-191.
Class C networks have a beginning octet of 192 - 223.
Class C networks have a beginning octet of 224 – 239.
Class C networks have a beginning octet of 224.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255
What are the benefits of using DHCP?
A. DHCP provides the following benefits for administering your TCP/IP-based network:
• Reliable configuration
DHCP avoids configuration errors caused by the need to manually type in values at each computer. Also, DHCP helps prevent address conflicts caused by a previously assigned IP address being reused to configure a new computer on the network.
• Reduces configuration management
Using DHCP servers can greatly decrease time spent configuring and reconfiguring computers on your network. Servers can be configured to supply a full range of additional configuration values when assigning address leases. These values are assigned using DHCP options.
The DHCP lease renewal process helps assure that where client configurations need to be updated often (such as users with mobile or portable computers who change locations frequently), these changes can be made efficiently and automatically by clients communicating directly with DHCP servers.
What protocols and ports does DHCP traffic use?
All DHCP traffic uses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). Messages from the DHCP client to the DHCP server use UDP source port 68 and UDP destination port 67. Messages from the DHCP server to the DHCP client use UDP source port 67 and UDP destination port 68.
Backing up the DHCP database
Maintaining a backup of the DHCP database protects you from data loss if the DHCP database is lost (for example, due to hard disk failure) or becomes corrupted. There are three backup methods supported by the DHCP Server service:
• Synchronous backups that occur automatically. The default backup interval is 60 minutes.
• Asynchronous (manual) backups, performed by using the Backup command on the DHCP console. For more information about asynchronous backups, see back up the DHCP database.
• Backups using Windows Backup (ntbackup.exe) or non-Microsoft backup software. For more information about Windows Backup, see Backup.
To move a DHCP database to another server
This topic provides details on how to move a DHCP database from one server computer (the source server) to another server computer (the destination server).
To back up the DHCP database (at the source server)
1. Open DHCP.
2. In the console tree, click the applicable DHCP server.
3. On the Action menu, click Backup.
4. In the Browse for Folder dialog box, select the folder that will contain the backup DHCP database, and then click OK.
5. Stop the DHCP server.
This prevents the server from assigning new address leases to clients after the database has been backed up.
For more information, see Start or stop a DHCP server.
6. Disable the DHCP Server service in the list of services.
This prevents the DHCP server from starting after the database has been transferred. For more information, see Enable or disable a service for a hardware profile.
7. Copy the folder that contains the backup DHCP database to the destination
Group policy- is a feature of Microsoft Windows NT family of operating systems that provides centralized management and configuration of computers and remote users in an Active Directory environment
DNS Query Process
A DNS query is the process of a computer or networking device making an inquiry to get an IP address for a DNS name such as w3.org
The client computer will send a DNS query to one of their internet service provider's DNS servers. The DNS server looks in it's DNS database to tell whether it can answer the query authoritatively. If the DNS server can answer authoritatively, the DNS server answers the query and the DNS query process is complete.
If the server cannot answer the query authoritatively it will look in its DNS cache of previous queries. If the DNS server finds a matching entry in its cache, it will answer the query with a non-authoritative answer based on the information in its cache and the DNS query process is complete.
If the ISP DNS server did not have the DNS information in its DNS database or its DNS cache the DNS query process will use recursion to complete the DNS query. The ISP DNS server will use its root hints file to find information to contact other DNS servers. The root hints file specified DNS servers that are authoritative for the DNS domain root and top level domains in the DNS system. This includes the .com, .org, .net, .gov and other domain types. If the query is for www.w3.org the ISP DNS server would contact an authorititative server for the top level "org" domain and send an iterative query to the org DNS server asking for information about the authoritative server for w3.org. The org domain DNS server responds with the the nameserver information including IP address of the nameserver for w3.org. Then the ISP DNS server sends a query to the w3.org DNS server asking for the IP address of www.w3c.org. The w3.org DNS server sends an authoritative answer back to the ISP DNS server which is cached in the ISP DNS server cache and also sent to the client computer.
If another client computer later does a request for information about www.w3.org the ISP DNS server has the information in its cache and will not neet to ask other DNS servers for additional information.
1) While Active Directory is a distributed system, some servers only carry out specific roles. If something happens to this server or you need a more substantial server to handle a particular role, you must know which servers are handling each role.
There are five FSMO roles:
• PDC emulator (one per domain): This role allows Windows Server 2003 to act as a Windows NT primary domain controller (PDC), and it provides replication support for Windows NT-based backup domain controllers (BDCs). In addition, this role assists with time and group policy synchronization.
• Infrastructure master (one per domain): This role is responsible for updating the group-to-user references whenever the members of groups change or receive new names.
• Relative ID (RID) master (one per domain): This role ensures that every object created has a unique identification number.
• Schema master (one per forest): This role is responsible for maintaining and modifying the Active Directory schema.
• Domain naming master (one per forest): This role is responsible for the addition and deletion of domains in a forest.
How can you determine which servers hold these roles in an Active Directory forest? To find the PDC emulator, the infrastructure master, and the RID master, follows these steps:
1. Go to Start | Administrative Tools | Active Directory Users and Computers.
2. Right-click the domain and select Operations Master.
The resulting three tabs will show you which server holds each respective role.
To find the schema master, follow these steps:
1. Go to Start | Run.
2. Enter regsvr32 schmmgmt.dll in the Open text box, and click OK.
3. Go to Start | Run.
4. Enter mmc in the Open text box, and click OK.
5. Go to File | Add/Remove Snap-In, and click Add.
6. Click Active Directory Schema, click Add, click Close, and click OK.
7. Right-click Active Directory Schema and select Operations Master from the shortcut menu.
To find the domain naming master, follow these steps:
1. Go to Start | Administrative Tools | Active Directory Domains and Trusts.
2. Right-click Active Directory Domains and Trusts, and select Operations Master from the list.
Transferring the RID Master, PDC Emulator, and Infrastructure Masters via GUI
To Transfer the Domain-Specific RID Master, PDC Emulator, and Infrastructure Master FSMO Roles:
1. Open the Active Directory Users and Computers snap-in from the Administrative Tools folder.
2. If you are NOT logged onto the target domain controller, in the snap-in, right-click the icon next to Active Directory Users and Computers and press Connect to Domain Controller.
3. Select the domain controller that will be the new role holder, the target, and press OK.
4. Right-click the Active Directory Users and Computers icon again and press Operation Masters.
5. Select the appropriate tab for the role you wish to transfer and press the Change button.
6. Press OK to confirm the change.
7. Press OK all the way out.
DHCP LEASE PROCESS
1. Discover: The host will initially send a broadcast in an attempt to discover a DHCP server on the network.
2. Offer: The DHCP server will 'see' the workstation looking for the DHCP service and respond with an 'offer', which is an IP address.
3. Request: The client will receive the 'offer' and, in most cases, will accept it. This means it sends an 'official request' for the same IP address offered previously by the server.
4. Accept: The DHCP server will complete the transaction by sending an 'accept' message and marking the particular IP address for the specific host.
DHCP SERVER- Dynamic host configuration protocol is used to automatically assign TCP/IP addresses to clients along with the correct subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server.
169.254.0.0 -169.254.255.255-APIPA Address
BOOTP- short for Bootstrap Protocol is a UDP network protocol used by a network client to obtain its IP address automatically. This is usually done during the bootstrap process when a computer is starting up. The BOOTP servers assign the IP address from a pool of addresses to each client.
BOOTP/DHCP differences
There are significant differences in the way in which BOOTP and DHCP perform host configuration. The following table compares and contrasts the features of the two protocols that vary.
BOOTP DHCP
Designed prior to DHCP. Designed after BOOTP.
Intended to configure diskless workstations with limited boot capabilities. Intended to configure frequently relocated networked computers (such as portables) that have local hard drives and full boot capabilities.
Dynamic BOOTP has default 30-day expiration on IP address leases. DHCP has default eight-day expiration on IP address leases.
Supports a limited number of client configuration parameters called vendor extensions. Supports a larger and extensible set of client configuration parameters called options.
Describes a two-phase bootstrap configuration process, as follows:
• Clients contact BOOTP servers to perform address determination and boot file name selection.
• Clients contact Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) servers to perform file transfer of their boot image.
Describes a single-phase boot configuration process whereby a DHCP client negotiates with a DHCP server to determine its IP address and obtain any other initial configuration details it needs for network operation.
BOOTP clients do not rebind or renew configuration with the BOOTP server except when the system restarts. DHCP clients do not require a system restart to rebind or renew configuration with the DHCP server. Instead, clients automatically enter a rebinding state at set timed intervals to renew their leased address allocation with the DHCP server. This process occurs in the background and is transparent to the user.
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol for mapping an Internet Protocol address (IP address) to a physical machine address.
RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol for mapping a physical machine address to Internet Protocol address (IP address).
DHCP Relay Agent
The DHCP Relay Agent component is a Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) relay agent that relays Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) messages between DHCP clients and DHCP servers on different IP networks. The DHCP Relay Agent is compliant with RFC 1542. You cannot use the DHCP Relay Agent component on a computer running the DHCP service. BOOTP is a host configuration protocol developed before DHCP that was designed to configure diskless workstations with limited boot capabilities
RAID types
RAID-0: RAID-0 is called disk "striping". All the data is spread out in chunks across all the disks in the RAID set. RAID-0 has great performance, because you spread out the load of storing data onto more physical drives. There is no parity generated for RAID-0. Therefore there is no overhead to write data to RAID-0 disks. RAID-0 is only good for better performance, and not for high availability, since parity is not generated for RAID-0 disks. RAID-0 requires at least two physical disks.
RAID-1: RAID-1 is called disk mirroring. All the data is written to at least two separate physical disks. The disks are essentially mirror images of each other. If one of the disks fails, the other can be used to retrieve data. Disk mirroring is good for very fast read operations. It's slower when writing to the disks, since the data needs to be written twice. RAID-1 requires at least two physical disks.
RAID-5: RAID-5 uses disk striping with parity. The data is striped across all the disks in the RAID set, along with the parity information needed to reconstruct the data in case of disk failure. RAID-5 is the most common method used, since it achieves a good balance between performance and availability. RAID-5 requires at least three physical disks.
How do I Backup Active Directory?
Backing up Active Directory is essential to maintain an Active Directory database. You can back up Active Directory by using the Graphical User Interface (GUI) and command-line tools that the Windows Server 2003 family provides.
You frequently backup the system state data on domain controllers so that you can restore the most current data. By establishing a regular backup schedule, you have a better chance of recovering data when necessary.
To ensure a good backup includes at least the system state data and contents of the system disk, you must be aware of the tombstone lifetime. By default, the tombstone is 60 days. Any backup older than 60 days is not a good backup. Plan to backup at least two domain controllers in each domain, one of at least one backup to enable an authoritative restore of the data when necessary.
System State Data
Several features in the windows server 2003 family make it easy to backup Active Directory. You can backup Active Directory while the server is online and other network function can continue to function.
System state data on a domain controller includes the following components:
• Active Directory system state data does not contain Active Directory unless the server, on which you are backing up the system state data, is a domain controller. Active Directory is present only on domain controllers.
• The SYSVOL shared folder: This shared folder contains Group policy templates and logon scripts. The SYSVOL shared folder is present only on domain controllers.
• The Registry: This database repository contains information about the computer's configuration.
• System startup files: Windows Server 2003 requires these files during its initial startup phase. They include the boot and system files that are under windows file protection and used by windows to load, configure, and run the operating system.
• The COM+ Class Registration database: The Class registration is a database of information
about Component Services applications.
• The Certificate Services database: This database contains certificates that a server running Windows server 2003 uses to authenticate users. The Certificate Services database is present only if the server is operating as a certificate server.
System state data contains most elements of a system's configuration, but it may not include all of the information that you require recovering data from a system failure. Therefore, be sure to backup all boot and system volumes, including the System State, when you back up your server.
BOOT PROCESS-XP, 2000, 2003
First is the POST, this stands for Power on Self Test, for the computer. This process tests memory as well as a number of other subsystems. You can usually monitor this as it runs each test. After that is complete the system will run POST for any device that has BIOS (Basic Input-Output System). An AGP has its own BIOS, as do some network cards and various other devices.
Once the POST is complete and the BIOS is sure that everything is working properly, the BIOS will then attempt to read the MBR (Master Boot Record). This is the first sector of the first hard drive (called the Master or HD0). When the MBR takes over it means that Windows is now in control.
The MBR looks at the BOOT SECTOR (the first sector of the active partition). That is where NTLDR is located; NTLDR is the BOOT LOADER for Windows XP. NTLDR will allow memory addressing, initiate the file system, read the boot.ini and load the boot menu. NTLDR has to be in the root of the active partition as do NTDETECT.COM, BOOT.INI, BOOTSECT.DOS (for multi-OS booting) and NTBOOTDD.SYS (if you have SCSI adapters)
Once XP is selected from the Boot Menu, NTLDR will run NTDETECT.COM, BOOT.INI and BOOTSECT.DOS to get the proper OS selected and loaded. The system starts in 16-bit real mode and then moves into 32-bit protected mode.
NTLDR will then load NTOSKRNL.EXE and HAL.DLL. Effectively, these two files are windows XP. They must be located in %SystemRoot%System32.
NTLDR reads the registry, chooses a hardware profile and authorizes device drivers, in that exact order.
At this point NTOSKRNL.EXE takes over. It starts WINLOGON.EXE that in turn starts LSASS.EXE; this is the program that displays the Logon screen so that you can logon.
Sample Boot.ini File
This is a sample of a default Boot.ini file from a Windows XP Professional computer.
[boot loader]
timeout=30
default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS
[operating systems]
multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Microsoft Windows XP Professional" /fast detect
TYPES OF WINDOWS 2003
Standard Edition-4 processors with up to 4 GB RAM
Enterprise Edition-eight processors with up to 32 GB memory.
Datacenter Edition-32 processors with up to 64 GB RAM.
Web Edition-supports a maximum of 2 processors with support for a maximum of 2GB of RAM
The Five IP Address Classes
Class A networks have a beginning octet of 1 - 126.
Class B networks have a beginning octet of 128-191.
Class C networks have a beginning octet of 192 - 223.
Class C networks have a beginning octet of 224 – 239.
Class C networks have a beginning octet of 224.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255
What are the benefits of using DHCP?
A. DHCP provides the following benefits for administering your TCP/IP-based network:
• Reliable configuration
DHCP avoids configuration errors caused by the need to manually type in values at each computer. Also, DHCP helps prevent address conflicts caused by a previously assigned IP address being reused to configure a new computer on the network.
• Reduces configuration management
Using DHCP servers can greatly decrease time spent configuring and reconfiguring computers on your network. Servers can be configured to supply a full range of additional configuration values when assigning address leases. These values are assigned using DHCP options.
The DHCP lease renewal process helps assure that where client configurations need to be updated often (such as users with mobile or portable computers who change locations frequently), these changes can be made efficiently and automatically by clients communicating directly with DHCP servers.
What protocols and ports does DHCP traffic use?
All DHCP traffic uses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). Messages from the DHCP client to the DHCP server use UDP source port 68 and UDP destination port 67. Messages from the DHCP server to the DHCP client use UDP source port 67 and UDP destination port 68.
Backing up the DHCP database
Maintaining a backup of the DHCP database protects you from data loss if the DHCP database is lost (for example, due to hard disk failure) or becomes corrupted. There are three backup methods supported by the DHCP Server service:
• Synchronous backups that occur automatically. The default backup interval is 60 minutes.
• Asynchronous (manual) backups, performed by using the Backup command on the DHCP console. For more information about asynchronous backups, see back up the DHCP database.
• Backups using Windows Backup (ntbackup.exe) or non-Microsoft backup software. For more information about Windows Backup, see Backup.
To move a DHCP database to another server
This topic provides details on how to move a DHCP database from one server computer (the source server) to another server computer (the destination server).
To back up the DHCP database (at the source server)
1. Open DHCP.
2. In the console tree, click the applicable DHCP server.
3. On the Action menu, click Backup.
4. In the Browse for Folder dialog box, select the folder that will contain the backup DHCP database, and then click OK.
5. Stop the DHCP server.
This prevents the server from assigning new address leases to clients after the database has been backed up.
For more information, see Start or stop a DHCP server.
6. Disable the DHCP Server service in the list of services.
This prevents the DHCP server from starting after the database has been transferred. For more information, see Enable or disable a service for a hardware profile.
7. Copy the folder that contains the backup DHCP database to the destination
Group policy- is a feature of Microsoft Windows NT family of operating systems that provides centralized management and configuration of computers and remote users in an Active Directory environment
DNS Query Process
A DNS query is the process of a computer or networking device making an inquiry to get an IP address for a DNS name such as w3.org
The client computer will send a DNS query to one of their internet service provider's DNS servers. The DNS server looks in it's DNS database to tell whether it can answer the query authoritatively. If the DNS server can answer authoritatively, the DNS server answers the query and the DNS query process is complete.
If the server cannot answer the query authoritatively it will look in its DNS cache of previous queries. If the DNS server finds a matching entry in its cache, it will answer the query with a non-authoritative answer based on the information in its cache and the DNS query process is complete.
If the ISP DNS server did not have the DNS information in its DNS database or its DNS cache the DNS query process will use recursion to complete the DNS query. The ISP DNS server will use its root hints file to find information to contact other DNS servers. The root hints file specified DNS servers that are authoritative for the DNS domain root and top level domains in the DNS system. This includes the .com, .org, .net, .gov and other domain types. If the query is for www.w3.org the ISP DNS server would contact an authorititative server for the top level "org" domain and send an iterative query to the org DNS server asking for information about the authoritative server for w3.org. The org domain DNS server responds with the the nameserver information including IP address of the nameserver for w3.org. Then the ISP DNS server sends a query to the w3.org DNS server asking for the IP address of www.w3c.org. The w3.org DNS server sends an authoritative answer back to the ISP DNS server which is cached in the ISP DNS server cache and also sent to the client computer.
If another client computer later does a request for information about www.w3.org the ISP DNS server has the information in its cache and will not neet to ask other DNS servers for additional information.
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